Abstract
After renal transplantation, the main causes of kidney allograft dysfunction can be classified by time after transplantation and by the affected region of renal anatomy. Prerenal acute graft dysfunction induced by infection and hypovolemia is frequent. In particular, after kidney transplantation cytokine-release-syndrome caused by induction agents as well as vascular or anastomotic problems (from donor or recipient) play an important role. The main causes of intrarenal renal failure after transplantation are the different forms of acute rejection, calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity and the acute interstitial nephritis. Lymphocele and ureteral obstruction often cause postrenal renal graft failure. Clinical symptoms and signs of failure must be carefully monitored. Ultrasound is the main component of diagnostic tools in all causes of dysfunction.
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