Abstract
Concrete that can be critically saturated and exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing must be properly air entrained for long-lasting service. Otherwise, cracking occurs, with the resultant deterioration of the concrete. Air voids must be small in size, closely spaced, and uniformly distributed to ensure adequate resistance to freezing and thawing as well as satisfactory strength. An increase in air volume results in a reduction in strength. Air content is affected by material properties, including water and admixture content, and construction practices, including pumping and consolidation. The air entrainment and air-void system in concretes that have a stiff consistency, are pumped, or have a large amount of high-range water-reducing admixture are addressed. Under those conditions an improper air-void system may result and may have an adverse effect on the concrete's resistance to freezing and thawing. Thus, the air-void system must be evaluated and necessary precautions taken. Precautions taken by the Virginia Department of Transportation are summarized.
Published Version
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