Abstract
The exchange of momentum, heat, and gaseous constituents between the atmosphere and a coastal sea depend on the drag induced by the surface wave field, resistance due to surfactants, transport dynamics associated with the internal boundary layer, chemical reactions which create a flux divergence, and turbulence and mixing associated with range variable stratification. These processes will be discussed in terms of range dependent flux modelling, existing data sets, and research opportunities. Highlighted will be deficiencies in our understanding concerning these processes, and quantifying the degree of uncertainty in flux estimates based on our current understanding of individual and collective process interactions. The presentation will be summarized by a set of recommendations for future research which lead to more accurate flux estimates in coastal regions of large spatial variability, such as the North Sea.
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