Abstract
Respiratory diseases are one of the most common causes of death in the world and this recent COVID-19 pandemic is a key example. Problems such as infections, in general, affect many people and depending on the form of transmission they can spread throughout the world and weaken thousands of people. Two examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome and the recent coronavirus disease. These diseases have mild and severe forms, in which patients gravely affected need ventilatory support. The equipment that serves as a basis for operation of the mechanical ventilator is the air–oxygen blender, responsible for carrying out the air–oxygen mixture in the proper proportions ensuring constant supply. New blender models are described in the literature together with applications of control techniques, such as Proportional, Integrative and Derivative (PID); Fuzzy; and Adaptive. The results obtained from the literature show a significant improvement in patient care when using automatic controls instead of manual adjustment, increasing the safety and accuracy of the treatment. This study presents a deep review of the state of the art in air–oxygen benders, identifies the most relevant characteristics, performs a comparison study considering the most relevant available solutions, and identifies open research directions in the topic.
Highlights
Respiratory diseases are the main cause of death and disability in the world where external agents such as tobacco smoke, infectious microorganisms, and pollutants in the air can induce a serial of diseases, with an emphasis on tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute lower respiratory tract infections [1]
In addition to the electromechanical part, the control system is essential for an air– oxygen blender, since the reliability of a mixer depends on the precision with which the controller is applied
The results obtained from this study showed that through a routine manual adjustment method there were, on average, 3 adjustments per hour; 9.3 episodes of hyperoxia per hour with an average duration of 19.2 s; 12.7 cases of hypoxia per hour with an average duration of 19 s, and 81.7% of the time, the value of SpO2 remained within the desired range
Summary
Respiratory diseases are the main cause of death and disability in the world where external agents such as tobacco smoke, infectious microorganisms, and pollutants in the air can induce a serial of diseases, with an emphasis on tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute lower respiratory tract infections [1]. Studies point to the mammal Pangolin since a 91% similarity was found between the coronavirus present in species and the cause of COVID-19 Despite this percentage, results are still uncertain, requiring further studies on a topic to reach concrete conclusions [14–17]. Sensors 2022, 22, 2182 lungs, and even assessing patient’s cough if there is any indication of illness or if it is environmental [26–30] It is possible making predictions based on data available to obtain an estimation of the number of contaminants over weeks. This type of study is done using linear regression techniques and artificial intelligence, as in [31].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
