Abstract
Abiotic stresses are currently responsible for significant losses in quantity and reduction in quality of global crop productions. In consequence, resilience against such stresses is one of the key aims of farmers and is attained by adopting both suitable genotypes and management practices. This latter aspect was reviewed from an agronomic point of view, taking into account stresses due to drought, water excess, salinity, and lodging. For example, drought tolerance may be enhanced by using lower plant density, anticipating the sowing or transplant as much as possible, using grafting with tolerant rootstocks, and optimizing the control of weeds. Water excess or hypoxic conditions during winter and spring can be treated with nitrate fertilizers, which increase survival rate. Salinity stress of sensitive crops may be alleviated by maintaining water content close to the field capacity by frequent and low-volume irrigation. Lodging can be prevented by installing shelterbelts against dominant winds, adopting equilibrated nitrogen fertilization, choosing a suitable plant density, and optimizing the management of pests and biotic diseases harmful to the stability and mechanic resistance of stems and roots.
Highlights
Crop yield and quality are the result of the interaction between a genotype’s potential expression and the environment, which is modified by agronomic management in order to meet the objectives of the farmer
The main factors that contribute to the lodging process are strong winds, heavy rain, crop pests (e.g., Diabrotica vergifera larvae bore deep into the roots, destroying them and giving rise to root lodging), diseases, and an excess of nitrogen fertilization
This review discussed agronomic strategies that can be adopted to cope with the effects of abiotic stress on crops, offering a series of ideas based on suitable cultivation techniques
Summary
Crop yield and quality are the result of the interaction between a genotype’s potential expression and the environment, which is modified by agronomic management in order to meet the objectives of the farmer. Important losses occur by conversion from global solar radiation (GSR) to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), efficiency of photosynthesis, translocation from photosynthetic to storage organs, maintenance and production respiration, and limitations by biotic (pests, fungi, bacteria, weeds, and so on) and abiotic stresses (temperature, soil water excess or shortage, nutrients, wind, etc.). 45%For of example, regulation is altered.Oerke [9] provided a global offundamental the weight offor biotic duefrom to intake abiotic by humans) andoften cotton All the above mentioned estimates state the relevant gap between potential and real crop production induced by both biotic and abiotic stresses. - mixing of two or more soil layers in order to reach a more equilibrated texture [28]
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