Abstract
Modern-day agriculture supply chains have evolved from sovereign and autonomous local stakeholders to a worldwide interconnected system of multiple participants linked by complicated interactions, impacting the production, processing, transportation, and delivery of food to end consumers. Regular instances of fraudulent acts reveal a lack of openness in agriculture supply chains, raising worries about financial losses, eroding customer trust, and lowering corporate brand value. To develop an efficient and reliable trading environment, several fundamental modifications in the present supply chain architecture are required. There is broad consensus that blockchain can improve transparency in agriculture-food supply chains (agri-food SCs). Consumers now demand safe, sustainable, and equitable food production processes, and businesses are using blockchains and the internet of things to meet these needs. For enhanced responsiveness in agri-food SCs, new concepts have evolved that combine blockchains with various Industry 5.0 technologies (e.g., blockchain technology, big data, internet of things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), near field communication (NFC), etc.). It is critical to cut through the hype and examine the technology’s limits, which might stymie its acceptance, implementation, and scalability in agri-food supply chains. This study presents Agri-SCM-BIoT (Agriculture Supply Chain Management using Blockchain and Internet of things) architecture to address the storage and scalability optimization, interoperability, security and privacy issues security, and privacy of personal data along with storage concerns with present single-chain agriculture supply chain systems. We also discussed the classification of security threats with IoT infrastructure and possible available blockchain-based defense mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the features of the proposed supply chain architecture, followed by a conclusion and future work.
Highlights
The contributions of this paper can be summarized as: (i) we performed a comprehensive study of the state-of-art of IoT and blockchain technologies in agri-food supply chain and highlighted the prospective applications of these technologies, (ii) we identified and provided a comprehensive discussion on different research challenges of agriculture supply chain alongside the IoT security problems and existing defense mechanisms, (iii) we presented the application of IoT and blockchain in different domains of agriculture sector such as food composition, quality, safety monitoring, food supply traceability, and farm and food waste management, (iv) we have given the special consideration to security and implementation challenges of these technologies and smart contracts in blockchain-based agriculture sector, and (v) we introduced a new blockchain-based Agri-SCM-IoT
Due to heavy IPv6 stake for IoT devices, we will use 20-byte addressing generated by using the Elliptical Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) in blockchain, which will act as a global unique identity (GUID) need no individual authentication for each IoT device due to a large number of addresses generated having exceptionally low collision likelihood
It is well understood from the literature review that the application of blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and IoT in agriculture is still in the developing stage
Summary
In the agriculture supply chain, big data analytics might be employed to analyze the food quality, storage conditions, weather patterns in a particular geographic area, soil quality such as pH and nutriand management, and the existenceand of food hazards by biotic or ents,trade marketing and trade management, the existence ofrelating food hazards byabiotic relatingdata biwith development and probabilistic existence of pathogens, pests, and toxicants. The food sector continues to rely heavily on paper records, and the present food traceability systems are not integrated nor linked across all participants in the supply chain This isolation creates a negative information imbalance among all supply chain stakeholders, a lack of transparency across numerous supply chain processes, and the potential for fraud to be promoted or concealed. This paper covers both technical and applicative characteristics in such a way that our intuitions can be applied for cross-blockchain agri-supply chain scenarios
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