Abstract
The high level of uncertainty of renewable energy sources generation creates differences between electricity supply and demand, endangering the reliable operation of the power system. Demand response has gained significant attention as a means to cope with uncertainty of renewable energy sources. Demand response of residential and service sector consumers, when accumulated and managed by aggregators, can play a role in existing electricity markets. This paper addresses the question to what extent aggregator-mediated demand response can be used to deal with the impacts of the uncertainty of solar generation. Uncertain solar generation leads to imbalances of an aggregator. These imbalances can be reduced by shifting flexible loads, which is called demand response for internal balancing. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of demand response from loads in residential and service sectors for internal balancing to reduce the imbalances of an aggregator, caused by uncertain solar generation. For this purpose, a Model Predictive Control model which minimizes the imbalances of the aggregator through load shifting is presented. The model is applied to a realistic case study in the Netherlands. The results show that demand response for internal balancing succeeds in reducing imbalances. Even though this is favorable from the power system’s perspective, economic analysis shows that the aggregator is not financially incentivized to implement demand response for internal balancing.
Highlights
Increasing number of renewable energy sources (RES), such as wind and solar generation, results in both advantages and challenges for the power system
The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of demand response from loads in residential and service sectors for internal balancing to reduce the imbalances of an aggregator, caused by uncertain solar generation
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of demand response for internal balancing to reduce the individual imbalances of an aggregator, caused by uncertain solar generation
Summary
Increasing number of renewable energy sources (RES), such as wind and solar generation, results in both advantages and challenges for the power system. Since the reliable operation of the power system requires a continuous balance between electricity supply and demand, the high level of uncertainty in RES generation poses serious challenges to the operation of the power system [1]. The growing RES penetration level in the power system requires novel sources of flexibility, including energy storage systems (ESS) and demand response [3]. Flexibility from ESS such as batteries, pumped hydro storage etc., is studied comprehensively in the literature [4]. Even though both demand response and ESS are regarded as crucial flexibility sources, in this paper we focus on demand response to cope with system imbalances caused by the uncertain generation of RES. Demand response (DR) is defined as changes in the electricity consumption of consumers from their normal consumption in response to external factors such as electricity prices and incentive payments [5]
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