Abstract
During the past two decades, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been intensively exploited for biological and biomedical applications. Although a series of investigations have been performed in non-primate animal models, there is few pilot studies in non-human primate animal models, strongly hindering the clinical translation of AIE luminogens (AIEgens). Herein, we present a systemic and multifaceted demonstration of an optical imaging-guided surgical operation via AIEgens from small animals (e.g., mice and rabbits) to rhesus macaque, the typical non-human primate animal model. Specifically, the folic conjugated-AIE luminogen (folic-AIEgen) generates strong and stable fluorescence for the detection and surgical excision of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Moreover, with the superior tumor/normal tissue ratio and rapid tumor accumulation, folic-AIEgen successfully images and guides the precise resection of invisible cancerous metastases. Taken together, the presented strategies of folic-AIEgen based fluorescence intraoperative imaging and visualization-guided surgery show potential for clinical applications.
Highlights
During the past two decades, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been intensively exploited for biological and biomedical applications
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the as-prepared folic-AIE luminogens (AIEgens) nanoparticles were spherical with an average diameter of ~18 nm and had a good mono-dispersity (Supplementary Fig. S1a)
Here, we report the facile preparation of folic-AIEgen and its multifunctional applications in image-guided surgery
Summary
During the past two decades, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been intensively exploited for biological and biomedical applications. The folic conjugated-AIE luminogen (folic-AIEgen) generates strong and stable fluorescence for the detection and surgical excision of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). With the superior tumor/normal tissue ratio and rapid tumor accumulation, folic-AIEgen successfully images and guides the precise resection of invisible cancerous metastases. The presented strategies of folic-AIEgen based fluorescence intraoperative imaging and visualization-guided surgery show potential for clinical applications. A powerful image guidance would greatly promote the outcome of surgery and increase the surgical efficiency via a precision operation (e.g., the certain SLNs biopsy & resection) instead of comprehensive surgery, such as whole lymph nodes excision. The modification of folic acid could induce the endocytosis of imaging agents and gradually detach from folate receptor when the pH decreases, eventually leading to an efficiently targeting and accumulation within tumor tissues[15]. Various folic acid conjugations have been applied in targeted imaging and therapy of FR-expressing malignant cells and tissues[16,17]
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