Abstract
In the current study, we have examined the interaction amongst an antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMH) and ethane-1, 2-diyl bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-cetylammoniumacetoxy) dichloride (16-E2-16, a green gemini surfactant) through tensiometric and fluorimetric techniques in aqueous/electrolyte/urea solutions. Significant variations are observed in the various evaluated parameters in the present study. Gemini 16-E2-16 has outstanding surface properties along with a much lower cmc value, demonstrating very little toxicity as well as considerable antimicrobial activity. The cmc values of mixtures decrease through increase in mole fraction (α1) of 16-E2-16, which specifies the nonideality of the solution mixtures, along with demonstrating the occurrence of mixed micellization too. Negative βRub values signify on the whole attractive force of interaction between constituents of mixed micelles. Owing to the incidence of electrolyte NaCl (50 mmol.kg–1), lowering of the micelles’ surface charge happens, resulting in aggregation taking place at lower concentration while the presence of urea (NH2CONH2) halts micellization taking place, which means the cmc value increases in the attendance of urea. The values for all systems were negative along with the presence of electrolyte/urea. The excess free energy (Gex) of studied mixed systems was also estimated and found to be negative for all the systems. Using the fluorescence quenching method, the micelle aggregation number (Nagg) was evaluated and it was found that the contribution of gemini surfactant was always more than that of the AMH and their value enhances in the existence of electrolyte while decreasing in the attendance of NH2CONH2 in the system. In addition, other fluorescence parameters such as micropolarity (I1/I3), dielectric constant (Dexp) as well as Stern–Volmer binding constants (Ksv) of mixed systems were evaluated and the results showed the synergistic performance of the AMH + 16-E2-16 mixtures. Along with tensiometric and fluorimetric techniques, FT-IR spectroscopy was also engaged to reveal the interaction among constituents.
Highlights
Amphiphiles such as surfactants have been receiving consideration due to their extraordinary properties as well as numerous overlay uses as a part of pharmaceutics, drug delivery, emulsification, nanomaterial preparation, vesicle development, oil recuperation and so on [1,2,3,4,5]
The currently employed biodegradable green gemini surfactant, 16-E2-16, is cationic in nature and was synthesized in our laboratory by means of a known method and the aspects are accounted in the literature (Fig 2) [29]
The synthesized compound was recrystallized through suitable solvent mixed systems of ethyl acetate and ethanol. 1H NMR as well as FT-IR were employed for characterization of the final compound and the obtained data were achieved to be in fine conformity through the earlier accounted values [29,30]
Summary
Amphiphiles such as surfactants have been receiving consideration due to their extraordinary properties as well as numerous overlay uses as a part of pharmaceutics, drug delivery, emulsification, nanomaterial preparation, vesicle development, oil recuperation and so on [1,2,3,4,5]. Gemini’s are made out of two hydrophobic chains connected on or close to the head portions through a small, elongated, inflexible or stretchy spacer [5] They have advanced physicochemical performance, for instance brilliant surface-active assets, excellent surface tension decreasing capability, extraordinarily small cmc, additional viscoelasticity as well as high solubilization potential as compared with the traditional surfactants keeping a single hydrophobic portion as well as a single head group in a single monomer [14,15]. Numerous studies on mixed micellization behavior of basic polymethylene spacer kind gemini surfactant through amphiphiles (traditional surfactant, drugs etc.) are available [16,17,18], but studies on the interaction between cleavable cationic geminis and amphiphiles such as drugs are much less [19]. The chief objective of this investigation is to elucidate the microstructure of the gemini surfactant micelles as well as to evaluate the ability of these aggregates to incorporate ionic drug
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