Agglutinated foraminifera and thecamoebians from the Late Carboniferous Sydney coalfield, Nova Scotia: paleoecology, paleoenvironments and paleogeographical implications

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Agglutinated foraminifera and arcellaceans (“thecamoebians”) were examined from Carboniferous (late Westphalian-Stephanian) cyclothems in the Sydney Basin of Nova Scotia. Four distinctive assemblages are documented from the coal-bearing strata, and indicate deposition took place on an extensive coastal platform. The eastern part of the basin is dominated by Ammobaculites-Ammotium assemblages that indicate estuarine-low marsh paleoenvironments. Relationships between test size, grain size within the test, and grain size of the substrate are used to differentiate between upper mudflat and lower mudflat sub-facies within estuarine facies. Mixed assemblages dominated by Trochammina, Ammotium and Ammobaculites indicate vegetated substrates, analogous to modern lower marsh environments, and flanked the estuarine system in the eastern and western areas of the basin. Rich Trochammina and thecamoebian assemblages are restricted to the western area of the basin, indicating deposition within the upper part of the tidal range. Trochammina assemblages, typically found underlying coal seams, may indicate vegetated substrates equivalent to modern high marsh facies. Thecamoebian assemblages, dominated by an agglutinated difflugid type, indicate freshwater paleoenvironments. Encystment of the thecamoebian populations suggests paleoenvironments were short lived.