Abstract
Disaster risk management, and post-disaster recovery (PDR) in particular, become increasingly important to assure resilient development. Yet, PDR is the most poorly understood phase of the disaster management cycle and can take years or even decades. The physical aspects of the recovery are relatively easy to monitor and evaluate using, e.g. geospatial remote sensing data compared to functional assessments that include social and economic processes. Therefore, there is a need to explore the impacts of different dimensions of the recovery, including individual behaviour and their interactions with socio-economic institutions. In this study, we develop an agent-based model to simulate and explore the PDR process in urban areas of Tacloban, the Philippines devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Formal and informal (slum) sector households are differentiated in the model to explore their resilience and different recovery patterns. Machine learning-derived land use maps are extracted from remote sensing images for pre- and post-disaster and are used to provide information on physical recovery. We use the empirical model to evaluate two realistic policy scenarios: the construction of relocation sites after a disaster and the investments in improving employment options. We find that the speed of the recovery of the slum dwellers is higher than formal sector households due to the quick reconstruction of slums and the availability of low-income jobs in the first months after the disaster. Finally, the results reveal that the households' commuting distance to their workplaces is one of the critical factors in households’ decision to relocate after a disaster.
Highlights
IntroductionBetween 1998 and 2017 the number of affected people increased from 4 to more than 5.7 billion people [1,2], imposing US$ 520 billion of damages in real annual global economic costs [2,3]
Natural disasters take a high toll in terms of assets and people globally
Since the aim of this study is to investigate the utility of combining Remote sensing (RS) data and agent-based models (ABMs) to show the process of recovery while testing real scenarios, and due to the avail ability of the multi-temporal RS data and census data, we developed the model for the business district of Tacloban city, where typhoon Haiyan caused massive damages (Fig. 1)
Summary
Between 1998 and 2017 the number of affected people increased from 4 to more than 5.7 billion people [1,2], imposing US$ 520 billion of damages in real annual global economic costs [2,3]. This escalation is due to the accelerated urbanization and the increase in the number and severity of natural disasters that accelerate with climate change. These losses are not distributed across coun tries. The rapid in crease in disaster severity and frequency and associated damage calls for effective disaster risk reduction and management strategies at different scales, including individual actions
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