Abstract
Intrauterine growth restricted offspring suffer from abnormal glucose homeostasis and β cell dysfunction. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes of glucose metabolic phenotype, pancreatic morphology, and insulin synthesis in prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) male offspring rats, and to explore the potential intrauterine programming mechanism of the glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axis. Ethanol (4 g/kg·d) was administered through oral gavage during gestational day (GD) 9–20. Serum glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic β cell mass, and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), IGF1 and insulin were determined on GD20, postnatal week (PW) 6, PW12 with/without chronic stress (CS), and PW24, respectively. Both intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted at PW12 and PW24. Results showed that the serum glucose and insulin levels as well as pancreatic β cell mass were reduced on GD20 in PEE males compared with the controls, while pancreatic GR expression was enhanced but IGF1 and INS1/2 expression were suppressed. After birth, compared with the controls, β cell mass in the PEE males was initially decreased at PW6 and gradually recovered from PW12 to PW24, which was accompanied by increased serum glucose/insulin levels and insulin resistance index (IRI) at PW6 and decreased serum glucose contents at PW12, as well as unchanged serum glucose/insulin concentrations at PW24. In addition, both improved glucose tolerance and impaired insulin sensitivity of the PEE males at PW12 were inversed at PW24. Moreover, at PW6 and PW12, pancreatic GR expression in the PEE group was decreased, while IGF1 expression was reversely increased, resulting in a compensatory increase of insulin expression. Moreover, CS induced pancreatic GR activation and inhibited IGF1 expression, resulting in impaired insulin biosynthesis. Conclusively, the above changes were associated with age and the intrauterine programming alteration of GC-IGF1 axis may be involved in prenatal and postnatal pancreatic dysplasia and impaired insulin biosynthesis in PEE male offspring.
Highlights
Alcohol consumption is common in both developing and developed countries
Islet Function and Pancreatic Morphological Changes In our previous study, a decrease bodyweight and a high intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) rate were observed in prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) male fetal rats [26]
The above data suggest that islet function was reduced, and pancreatic morphology was impaired in the PEE male fetal rats
Summary
Alcohol consumption is common in both developing and developed countries. Epidemiological studies have shown that the alcoholism rate in young women has increased in recent years [1], and some of female alcoholics could not quit drinking during pregnancy [2]. Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to a range of adverse developmental outcomes in offspring, which are collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) [3]. In European countries, the morbidity of FASD is 0.97 per 1,000 births, whereas the morbidity of FASD in U.S is 1.95 per 1,000 births [4]. Human surveys and animal studies indicate that IUGR offspring induced by prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) are characterized by altered glucose homeostasis and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adulthood [6, 7]. It has been suggested that PEE induces glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in IUGR male rats on postnatal day (PD) 91 [6, 8] and that the abnormality of glucose metabolism is more substantial in PEE male offspring [9, 10]
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