Age-selective harvesting in a delayed predator–prey model with fear effect

Abstract

Abstract In this article, we discussed the dynamic behavior of a delay-induced harvested predator–prey model with fear effects (perceived by the prey). We then considered selective harvesting terms for both species which provide some fixed elapsed time to the prey and for the predator population before they are harvested. In other words, we are limiting the harvesting of species below a certain age so that they can grow to a certain specific size or age and thus protect juvenile populations. Reproduction of the prey population can also be greatly impeded due to the influence of the fear effect. The consideration of selective harvesting together with the effect of fear on the proposed system to show stable coexistence to the oscillatory mode and vice versa via Hopf-bifurcation. For better ecological management of the community, our study reveals the fact that collection delays and intensities should be maintained. Numerical simulations were performed to validate our analytical results.