Age- and sex-specific associations between obstructive sleep apnea risk and cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults: A 3-year longitudinal analysis of the Canadian longitudinal study on aging

Abstract

BackgroundWhether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of cognitive decline and how sex and age influence this association is not clear. Here, we characterized the sex- and age-specific associations between OSA risk and 3-year cognitive change in middle-aged and older adults. MethodsWe included 24,819 participants aged 45–85 (52% women) from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. OSA risk was measured at baseline using the STOP combined to body mass index (STOP-B). Neuropsychological tests assessed memory, executive functioning, and psychomotor speed at baseline and at 3-year follow-up. We conducted age- and sex-specific linear mixed models to estimate the predictive role of baseline STOP-B score on 3-year cognitive change. ResultsMen at high-risk for OSA aged 45–59 years showed a steeper decline in psychomotor speed (+13.2 [95% CI: −1.6, 27.9]) compared to men at low-risk. Men at high-risk for OSA aged 60–69 showed a steeper decline in mental flexibility (−1.2 [−1.9, −0.5]) and processing speed (+0.6 [0.3, 0.9]) than those at low-risk. Women at high-risk for OSA aged 45–59 showed a steeper decline in processing speed (+0.1 [−0.2, 0.4]) than women at low-risk, while women at high-risk ≥70 years had a steeper decline in memory (−0.2 [−0.6, 0.1]) and processing speed (+1.0 [0.4, 1.5]). ConclusionsAssociations between OSA risk and cognitive decline over 3 years depend on age and sex. Being at high-risk for OSA is associated with a generalized cognitive decline in attention and processing speed, while a memory decline is specific to older women (≥70 years).