Abstract
Immunological checkpoint inhibitors include monoclonal antibodies of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Anti-CTLA-4 drug ezetimab (ipilimumab) and anti-PD-1 drug (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) are approved for the treatment of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. The effects of these drugs on renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and other types of cancers are still in large-scale clinical trials. These drugs have good effects in the clinical application, but they inevitably lead to many adverse reactions. Key words: Neoplasms; Immunological checkpoint inhibitors
Published Version
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