Abstract
Simple SummaryThis review aims to provide practical information and viewpoints regarding fish germ cell transplantation for enhancing its commercial applications. We reviewed and summarized the data from more than 70 important studies and described the advantages, obstacles, recent advances, and future perspectives of fish germ cell transplantation. We concluded and proposed the critical factors for achieving better success and various options for germ cell transplantation with their pros and cons. Additionally, we discussed why this technology has not actively been utilized for commercial purposes, what barriers need to be overcome, and what potential solutions can advance its applications in aquaculture.Germ cell transplantation technology enables surrogate offspring production in fish. This technology has been expected to mitigate reproductive barriers, such as long generation time, limited fecundity, and complex broodstock management, enhancing seed production and productivity in aquaculture. Many studies of germ cell transplantation in various fish species have been reported over a few decades. So far, surrogate offspring production has been achieved in many commercial species. In addition, the knowledge of fish germ cell biology and the related technologies that can enhance transplantation efficiency and productivity has been developed. Nevertheless, the commercial application of this technology still seems to lag behind, indicating that the established models are neither beneficial nor cost-effective enough to attract potential commercial users of this technology. Furthermore, there are existing bottlenecks in practical aspects such as impractical shortening of generation time, shortage of donor cells with limited resources, low efficiency, and unsuccessful surrogate offspring production in some fish species. These obstacles need to be overcome through further technology developments. Thus, we thoroughly reviewed the studies on fish germ cell transplantation reported to date, focusing on the practicality, and proposed potential solutions and future perspectives.
Highlights
Germ cell transplantation technology enables surrogate offspring production in fish
Fish Germ Cell Transplantation in Aquaculture Germ cell transplantation is the technology for surrogate production of donor-derived gametes
Fish germ cell transplantation can be classified into four different approaches based on the type of donors and recipients, including blastula cell transplantation (BCT), primordial germ cell transplantation (PGT), gonadal germ cell transplantation into the peritoneal cavity of larvae (GPT), and gonadal germ cell transplantation into adult recipients (GAT)
Summary
Fish germ cell transplantation can be classified into four different approaches based on the type of donors and recipients, including blastula cell transplantation (BCT), primordial germ cell transplantation (PGT), gonadal germ cell transplantation into the peritoneal cavity of larvae (GPT), and gonadal germ cell transplantation into adult recipients (GAT). By transplanting Chinook salmon’s germ cells into rainbow trout larvae, donor-derived sperm and eggs could be produced in rainbow trout recipients in 2 years [2,38]. When this approach is applied to sturgeons with a much longer generation time, the breeding program might be significantly accelerated. Due to this characteristic, reusing the broodstock of these species reared for several years is impossible for the round of seed production, meaning that farmers must repeatedly spend several years raising the new broodstock for only one-time use This ineffectiveness can be mitigated by germ cell transplantation between semelparous fish (donors) and iteroparous fish (recipients). The surrogate production of semelparous germ cells in iteroparous recipients enables farmers to reduce the efforts and costs for broodstock management
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