Abstract
Simple SummaryThe reproduction of mammals is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follicle stimulating hormone, as one of the gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, plays an immeasurable role. This article mainly reviews the molecular basis and classical signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone, and summarizes its internal molecular mechanism, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the research of mammalian reproduction regulation and the application of follicle stimulating hormone in production practice.Mammalian reproduction is mainly driven and regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is a key regulator that ultimately affects animal fertility. As a dimeric glycoprotein hormone, the biological specificity of FSH is mainly determined by the β subunit. As research techniques are being continuously innovated, studies are exploring the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the secretion of mammalian FSH. This article will review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways systematically regulating FSH synthesis and will present the latest hypothesis about the nuclear cross-talk among the various endocrine-induced pathways for transcriptional regulation of the FSH β subunit. This article will provide novel ideas and potential targets for the improved use of FSH in livestock breeding and therapeutic development.
Highlights
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland
Many studies have confirmed that steroid hormones could act on the hypothalamus to indirectly regulate Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or directly act on the pituitary and affect FSHB expression, through positive feedback or negative feedback [29]
We mainly describe the GnRH regulation of FSH secretion as the entry point and elaborate on the classic signaling pathways activated by GnRH, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA/cAMP response element binding (CREB) signaling pathway, PKC/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and Ca2+ /Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) signaling pathway (Figure 2)
Summary
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland. In addition to FSH, the other hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) [1] Among these hormones, FSH, as one of the important gonadotropins involved in mammalian reproductive development, is secreted into the blood after synthesis by the gonadotroph cells (a type of basophilic cell) in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). FSH, as one of the important gonadotropins involved in mammalian reproductive development, is secreted into the blood after synthesis by the gonadotroph cells (a type of basophilic cell) in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) It acts on the corresponding target organs of the mammals, namely the testes and ovaries, to exert its biological functions through the peripheral blood circulation [2]. We summarize the classical molecular characteristics and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of mammalian FSH secretion
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