Advances in the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

Chuan Loo Wong,Hui Kian Ong,Kok Lian Ho,Chean Yeah Yong,Wen Siang Tan

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00477

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous economic losses to livestock industry and subsequently lead to serious socioeconomic damages due to the immediate imposition of trade embargo. Rapid and accurate diagnoses are imperative to control this infectious virus. In the current review, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods used in FMD diagnosis are extensively reviewed, particularly the sandwich, liquid-phase blocking, and solid-phase competition ELISA. The differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals using ELISA-based methods is also highlighted, in which the role of 3ABC polyprotein as a marker is reviewed intensively. Recently, more studies are focusing on the molecular diagnostic methods, which detect the viral nucleic acids based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). These methods are generally more sensitive because of their ability to amplify a minute amount of the viral nucleic acids. In this digital era, the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP are progressing toward the mobile versions, aiming for on-site FMDV diagnosis. Apart from RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, another diagnostic assay specifically designed for on-site diagnosis is the lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips. These test strips have some distinct advantages over other diagnostic methods, whereby the assay often does not require the aid of an external device, which greatly lowers the cost per test. In addition, the on-site diagnostic test can be easily performed by untrained personnel including farmers, and the results can be obtained in a few minutes. Lastly, the use of FMDV diagnostic assays for progressive control of the disease is also discussed critically.

Highlights

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious vesicular disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family
The deployment of diagnostic tools to rapidly identify and confirm initial clinical symptoms of an infection is prerequisite in any epidemic disease control strategy, when it comes to the prevalence of the FMDV in a livestock population
As the FMDV infection is clinically indistinguishable from infections resulting from other similar vesicular disease viruses, early diagnosis is critical for efficient disease control

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious vesicular disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family. Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis of any suspected FMD case is vital Conventional techniques such as complement fixation test (CFT), virus isolation test, virus neutralization test (VNT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are routinely used to detect FMDV in clinical samples. Lung et al [9] demonstrated the use of multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of FMDV serotypes and other vesicular disease viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV). Erickson et al [22] used multiplex RT-PCR coupled with a more advanced, automated electronic microarray assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of several swine viruses, including FMDV and other viruses such as SVDV, African swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, VESV, and classical swine fever virus.

Methods

SEROLOGICAL METHODS

Findings

CONCLUSIONS