Abstract
Organolead halide perovskite materials possess a combination of remarkable optoelectronic properties, such as steep optical absorption edge and high absorption coefficients, long charge carrier diffusion lengths and lifetimes. Taken together with the ability for low temperature preparation, also from solution, perovskite‐based devices, especially photovoltaic (PV) cells have been studied intensively, with remarkable progress in performance, over the past few years. The combination of high efficiency, low cost and additional (non‐PV) applications provides great potential for commercialization. Performance and applications of perovskite solar cells often correlate with their device structures. Many innovative device structures were developed, aiming at large‐scale fabrication, reducing fabrication cost, enhancing the power conversion efficiency and thus broadening potential future applications. This review summarizes typical structures of perovskite solar cells and comments on novel device structures. The applications of perovskite solar cells are discussed.
Highlights
Introduction commercial SiPV cells.[2]
A 7.8% power conversion efficiencies (PCE) was achieved by using NiOx as hole transport material (HTM).[46a]. Doping NiOx with Cu improved the conductivity of NiOx, leading to a 15.4% PCE and good stability.[46b]. Using NiO deposited by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method yielded a PCE of 17.3%.[46c]. PCEs of 12.2% and 13.4% were achieved by using CuO and Cu2O as HTMs, respectively.[47a]. Electrodeposited CuSCN was used as the HTM for p-i-n perovskite solar cells and a 16.6% PCE was obtained.[47b]
Qiu et al fabricated fiber-like perovskite solar cells by replacing the planar flexible substrate with a stainless steel fiber electrode and using carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets as the other electrode (Figure 3a,b).[63]
Summary
These cells consist of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrate, nanoporous TiO2, a perovskite sensitizer, an electrolyte and a metal counter electrode (Figure 1a). CH3NH3PbBr3 was first used as the sensitizer for TiO2 in dye-sensitized solar cells, and the cells gave a PCE of 2.2%.[10] When CH3NH3PbI3 was used as the sensitizer, a 3.8% PCE was achieved.[11] The lower bandgap and wider absorption spectrum of the iodide absorber led to an enhanced short-circuit current density (Jsc). A 6.5% PCE was achieved via optimizing the preparation of CH3NH3PbI3 and TiO2 nanoparticles.[12] Research on liquidelectrolyte dye-sensitized cells did not continue because these cells are highly unstable (80% decrease in PCE in 10 min) and no suitable liquid electrolyte was found in which the absorber was stable. We note that a battery effect might have been involved in these cells, which could increase output power, as a result of the free energy gain from a chemical reaction
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