Abstract
Porous organic polymers (POPs) are of growing research interest owing to their high surface areas, stabilities, controllable chemical configurations, and tunable pore volumes. The molecular nanoarchitecture of POP provides metal or metal oxide binding sites, which is promising for the development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts. This article highlights the development of numerous kinds of POPs and key achievements to date, including their functionalization and incorporation of nanoparticles into their framework structures, characterization methods that are predominantly in use for POP-based materials, and their applications as catalysts in several reactions. Scientists today are capable of preparing POP-based materials that show good selectivity, activity, durability, and recoverability, which can help overcome many of the current environmental and industrial problems. These POP-based materials exhibit enhanced catalytic activities for diverse reactions, including coupling, hydrogenation, and acid catalysis.
Highlights
Because of their high chemical activities and extensive applications, the assembly of nanoporous materials with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has opened up research areas aimed at the development of new heterogeneous catalysts [1,2,3,4]
These results indicate that Pd@CPPF2 contains more active palladium species than Pd@CPPF1 as palladium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 6.7 nm were only monodispersed on the external surface of CPPF1, whereas small palladium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3.4 nm were dispersed inside the pores of CPPF2
porous organic polymers (POPs) are chemically more stable than other framework materials, their amorphous nature and network-interpenetration tendencies contribute to their polydispersed pore distributions and surface areas that are not yet very high
Summary
Because of their high chemical activities and extensive applications, the assembly of nanoporous materials with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has opened up research areas aimed at the development of new heterogeneous catalysts [1,2,3,4]. Owing to the high surface energies, ultrafine metal nanoparticles are likely to aggregate and leach during the course of a catalytic reaction, leading to loss of catalytic activity and poor recyclability [10] To address these problems, a variety of molecular architectures—including porous organic polymers (POPs) [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [20,21], and covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-have been proposed as useful platforms for the fabrication and encapsulation of nanoparticles [22,23], as well as for catalyst positioning, due to their porous nature and relatively large surface areas. POPs have emerged as a favorable molecular nanoarchitecture for the immobilization of ultrafine metal nanoparticles Their fabrication, encapsulation, and stabilization are facilitated by their large surface areas with distinctly dispersed pore sizes, thermally and chemically stable bonds, low structural densities, and the presence of hydrophobic components in their structures. The easy recovery and recyclability of these heterogeneous catalysts have attracted research interest for the production of fine chemicals and value-added products in the petroleum-refining and chemical industries [27,28,29]
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