Abstract
The indiscriminate use and mismanagement of antibiotics over the last eight decades have led to one of the main challenges humanity will have to face in the next twenty years in terms of public health and economy, i.e., antimicrobial resistance. One of the key approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance is clinical, livestock, and environmental surveillance applying methods capable of effectively identifying antimicrobial non-susceptibility as well as genes that promote resistance. Current clinical laboratory practices involve conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods, taking over 24 h to find out which medication should be prescribed to treat the infection. Although there are techniques that provide rapid resistance detection, it is necessary to have new tools that are easy to operate, are robust, sensitive, specific, and inexpensive. Chemical sensors and biosensors are devices that could have the necessary characteristics for the rapid diagnosis of resistant microorganisms and could provide crucial information on the choice of antibiotic (or other antimicrobial medicines) to be administered. This review provides an overview on novel biosensing strategies for the phenotypic and genotypic determination of antimicrobial resistance and a perspective on the use of these tools in modern health-care and environmental surveillance.
Highlights
Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Nanobiosens Join Lab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Health Organization (WHO), antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria adapt and grow in the presence of an antimicrobial (AM) agent [8]. It can be described as a phenomenon when microorganisms are no longer affected by an AM to which it was previously sensitive, as a result of mutation of the microorganism to evade the effect of the antimicrobial or of the acquisition of the resistance gene [9,10]
The aim of this review is to describe sensor- and biosensor-based methods for detecting
Summary
Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Nanobiosens Join Lab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has received a great deal of attention because of the impact resistant microorganisms have on public health. It has been declared as a global public health concern [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Health Organization (WHO), antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria adapt and grow in the presence of an antimicrobial (AM) agent [8] It can be described as a phenomenon when microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) are no longer affected by an AM to which it was previously sensitive, as a result of mutation of the microorganism to evade the effect of the antimicrobial or of the acquisition of the resistance gene [9,10]. It is estimated that by 2050, human deaths related to AMR will amount to
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