Advancements in Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Fabrication of 3D, 4D, and 5D Printed for Fabrication of Drug Delivery Formulations

Abstract

<p> One of the most powerful and inventive fabrication techniques used to create novel structures and solid materials using precise additive manufacturing technology is 5D and 4D printing, which is an improved version of 3D printing. It catches people's attention because of its capacity to generate fast, highly complex, adaptable product designing and fabrication. Real-time sensing, change adaptation, and printing state prediction are made possible by this technology with the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The process of 3D printing involves the use of sophisticated materials and computer-aided design (CAD) with tomography scanning controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). The printing material is deposited according to the specifications of the file, typically in STL format, however the printing process takes time.4D printing, which incorporates intelligent materials with time as a fourth dimension, can solve this drawback. About 80% of the time will be saved by this technique's self-repair and self-assembly qualities. One limitation of 3D printing is that it cannot print complex shapes with curved surfaces. However, this limitation can be solved by using 5D printing, which uses rotation of the print bed and extruder head to achieve additive manufacturing in five different axes. Some printed materials are made sensitive to temperature, humidity, light, and other parameters so they can respond to stimulus. With its effective and efficient manufacturing for the necessary design precision, this review assesses the potential of these procedures with AI intervention in medicine and pharmacy. </p>