Abstract
The solid-phase microextraction (SPME), invented by Pawliszyn in 1989, today has a renewed and growing use and interest in the scientific community with fourteen techniques currently available on the market. The miniaturization of traditional sample preparation devices fulfills the new request of an environmental friendly analytical chemistry. The recent upswing of these solid-phase microextraction technologies has brought new availability and range of robotic automation. The microextraction solutions propose today on the market can cover a wide variety of analytical fields and applications. This review reports on the state-of-the-art innovative solid-phase microextraction techniques, especially those used for chromatographic separation and mass-spectrometric detection, given the recent improvements in availability and range of automation techniques. The progressively implemented solid-phase microextraction techniques and related automated commercially available devices are classified and described to offer a valuable tool to summarize their potential combinations to face all the laboratories requirements in terms of analytical applications, robustness, sensitivity, and throughput.
Highlights
E separation of the analytes from the sample matrix and their preconcentration are essential parts of the extraction procedure. e most well-known, broadly used, and generally accepted exhaustive extraction methods are liquidliquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE); they provide easy quantification and highest sensitivity since all target compounds are separated from the sample [2, 3]
Miniaturized methods are usually defined as nonexhaustive sample preparation techniques, requiring minimal extracting phase volume compared to the amount of the sample. e International Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defined the MicroExtraction Techniques (METs) as those using a substantially smaller Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry extraction phase than the sample volume [8]. e SolidPhase MicroExtraction (SPME) in the coated fiber format is the first and most successful miniaturized sample preparation technique, which Pawliszyn invented in the early 1990s [9]
In addition to the different miniaturized techniques, green solvents, as soon as the use of enhancer of the efficiency of sample preparation, are deployed in new analytical solutions and are extremely recommended [11]. us, the development of methods and tools, like eco-scale to evaluate the greenness of analytical procedure [12–16], as well as modelling chromatographic separations systems [17–19] and design of experiments software [20], has become essential
Summary
Sample preparation occupies 70–80% of the time process [25]. is drawback boosted the development of solutions to minimize the time, and the work requested and, to face the increasing demand for more sensitive analytical methods [26]. E volume and kind of sorbent phase, the geometry of the devices, and the extraction efficiency towards targeted analytes could affect the analytical method in terms of sensitivity and capability. E exhaustive microextraction process can be interpreted as frontal chromatography since the continually applied sample flow to the sorbent bed In this scenario, the concentration (C(x, t)), for a short bed column or a coated capillary in the ITME, can be defined via the following equation: C(x, t) 1 C. Nonexhaustive MET, as SPME, partially extracts analytes by direct immersion or via headspace, relying on the partition equilibrium between the coating and the sample In this condition, only a slight portion of the analytes is adsorbed/absorbed to the extraction phase, and subsequently, it can be completely desorbed into the GC or LC for analysis, enabling a sensitivity gain. QuickProbe system could provide rapid separation thanks to tailored QuickProbe column installed on Agilent analyzers [36]
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