Abstract
In biomedical applications, the nature of biomaterials is transferred from bio-inert to make the metallic biomaterials biodegradable and multifunctional such as antibacterial, anti-proliferation, and anti-cancer, to eliminate secondary operation for implant removal. In the human body, Cortical and Cancellous are the two most important types of bone. Cortical bone is also known as the compact bone due to its dense structure and provides mechanical strength to the bone, whereas cancellous is the internal porous supporting structure. For a material that mimics the bone scaffold and acts as biomaterials, it should be non-toxic, possess good mechanical strength, helps in tissue growth, bone regeneration, and controlled biodegradation rate without any adverse effect. Many metals (Ti, Si, stainless steels), polymers, and ceramics are conventionally used as replacement biomaterials for broken or infected bone (orthopedic implants), but due to their unsatisfactory results for a long time use such as toxic metal ions release and stress shielding leading to secondary surgeries. Recently, researchers are focussing on biodegradable materials that do not need to be explanted from the organism. This review highlights the recent advancement in biodegradable materials i.e., magnesium, zinc, and iron, their manufacturing technique, challenges with present biomaterials, and some improvements that can help resolve the problems with current biomaterials.
Published Version
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