Abstract
This comprehensive review article summarizes the key properties and applications of advanced carbonaceous materials obtained from polybenzoxazines. Identification of several thermal degradation products that arose during carbonization allowed for several different mechanisms (both competitive ones and independent ones) of carbonization, while also confirming the thermal stability of benzoxazines. Electrochemical properties of polybenzoxazine-derived carbon materials were also examined, noting particularly high pseudocapacitance and charge stability that would make benzoxazines suitable as electrodes. Carbon materials from benzoxazines are also highly versatile and can be synthesized and prepared in a number of ways including as films, foams, nanofibers, nanospheres, and aerogels/xerogels, some of which provide unique properties. One example of the special properties is that materials can be porous not only as aerogels and xerogels, but as nanofibers with highly tailorable porosity, controlled through various preparation techniques including, but not limited to, the use of surfactants and silica nanoparticles. In addition to the high and tailorable porosity, benzoxazines have several properties that make them good for numerous applications of the carbonized forms, including electrodes, batteries, gas adsorbents, catalysts, shielding materials, and intumescent coatings, among others. Extreme thermal and electrical stability also allows benzoxazines to be used in harsher conditions, such as in aerospace applications.
Highlights
Carbon has a wide range of applications and has been used since ancient times as a fuel, adsorbent, additive to iron, lubricant, pencil core, gemstone for accessories, and more recently as carbon fibers
XRD results demonstrated that graphitization increased with higher carbonization temsion that hepteerraotuarteos,mas ndootepdinbygt,hewhiitghhern(i0t0r2o)gdeifnfracintionpaperatkics u[5l8a].rX,PeSnahnaalnyscisews aeslaebcletrtooche formance ofpbroevnidzeosximaizlairnreessu.lts, and demonstrated that despite PI being known as a good graphite precursor, the PH-ddm yielded more significant graphitization, further demonstrating the thermal stability of benzoxazine films and that graphitization is possible [58]
Benzoxazines can be prepared as films, as seen in films made from carbonized polyimides (P12Io)f 5o7 r oth al. prepared carbon films derived from either bisphenol A 4.oArppplichateionnsol/diaminodiphenylmethane (abbreviated as PH4.p1.oTolpyoliomgy oifdPoelybmenzaoxdazeine-fBraosemd Carpboyn romellitic dianhydride (PD) and
Summary
Carbon has a wide range of applications and has been used since ancient times as a fuel, adsorbent, additive to iron, lubricant, pencil core, gemstone for accessories, and more recently as carbon fibers. The physical properties of fullerene were fascinating, and many unusual properties, including electrical conductivity, magnetism, and others, have been observed It was of limited use as a material for mechanical applications due to the small aspect ratio of 1. This all changed when Iijima reported the detailed study of an elongated form of Buckyball, termed carbon nanotube (CNT) [3]. One of the common drawbacks of advanced carbon materials is the lack of mass-productive methods This makes it quite expensive to produce those materials. Polybenzoxazines are usually obtained by heating a benzoxazine monomer to the temperature range of 140–240 ◦C with or without an added initiator and/or catalyst.
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