Adulticidal activity of some botanical extracts, commercial insecticides and their binary mixtures against the housefly, Musca domestica L.

Abstract

Following preliminary screening of 13 ethanolic plant extracts, belonging to 10 different families, a total of 11 extracts were subjected to detailed toxicity evaluation against the larval stage of the housefly, Musca domestica L. The larvicidal LC50 values were < 100 ppm for Piper nigrum (50.1 ppm), Azadirachta indica (76.9 ppm), Conyza aegyptiaca (77.0 ppm) and Cichorium intybus (96.8 ppm); representing the highest potent extracts among the bioassayed candidates. Punica granatum extract exhibited the lowest toxicity (213.9 ppm). In comparison, commercial insecticides showed supe- rior larvicidal toxicity; accounting to the following LC50 values: 0.029, 0.03, 0.61 and 0.64 ppm for deltamethrin, metho- myl, chlorpyrifos and flufenoxuron, respectively. Combining botanical extracts with insecticides, at equitoxic dosages (e.g., LC25 values), induced potentiating effects for a 44 bioassayed mixtures against the housefly larvae. Moreover, mix- ing the insecticides at LC0 (a concentration level causing no observed mortality) with the LC50 of each of the plant ex- tracts have resulted in 44 paired combinations. Mostly, the factor; S.F. ranged between 1.6 - 1.9; giving rise to high synergistic effects. Specifically, the synergistic effect was much pronounced for mixtures of the insecticide del- tamethrin with different botanical extracts. Most of the tested toxicants induced different forms of developmental effects after exposure of 3 rd larval instars to sublethal concentrations (LC25 ppm). Larvae treated with A. indica, Citrus aurantifo- lia, Eucalyptus globulus (leaves or fruits), P. granatum, Salix safsaf, Sonchus oleraceus, Zea mays, as well as the insecti- cides chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and methomyl failed to develop into adult stages. Morphologically, there were different forms of pupal and adult abnormalities, where the treatments of P. granatum and S. oleraceus caused abnormal pupal size in addition to pupal-adult intermediate. In the resulted Musca domestica adults, the effects were seen as one-winged in- sects, small size, compressed body and abdomen elongation. Such deformations were attributed to treatments of C. inty- bus, C. aegyptiaca, Piper nigrum and the IGR flufenoxuron. The overall results of the present investigation reveal the broad-spectrum toxic properties of the tested plant extracts against Musca domestica larvae; which may encourage further research on housefly control in tropics using indigenous plants.