Abstract
The contamination of hydrosoluble pesticides in water could generate a serious problem for biotic and abiotic components. The removal of a hazardous agrochemical (paraquat) from water was achieved by adsorption processes using poly(vinyl alcohol)-cyclodextrin nanosponges, which were prepared with various formulations via the crosslinking between citric acid and β-cyclodextrin in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol). The physicochemical properties of nanosponges were also characterized by different techniques, such as gravimetry, thermogravimetry, microscopy (SEM and Stereo), spectroscopy (UV-visible, NMR, ATR-FTIR, and Raman), acid-base titration, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, and ion exchange capacity. The C10D-P2 nanosponges displayed 60.2% yield, 3.14 mmol/g COOH groups, 0.335 mmol/g β-CD content, 96.4% swelling, 94.5% paraquat removal, 0.1766 m2 g−1 specific surface area, and 5.2 × 10−4 cm3 g−1 pore volume. The presence of particular peaks referring to specific functional groups on spectroscopic spectra confirmed the successful polycondensation on the reticulated nanosponges. The pseudo second-order model (with R2 = 0.9998) and Langmuir isotherm (with R2 = 0.9979) was suitable for kinetics and isotherm using 180 min of contact time and a pH of 6.5. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated at 112.2 mg/g. Finally, the recyclability of these nanosponges was 90.3% of paraquat removal after five regeneration times.
Highlights
The contamination of pesticides in water is a significant environmental topic that threatens both the ecosystem and public health
The poly(vinyl alcohol)-cyclodextrin nanosponges were productively prepared by crosslinking between β-CD and Citric acid (CTR) in the presence of PVOH via esterification reaction to create negative charges due to the presence of non-crosslinked carboxylic functions from
The other conformation appeared by bridging the available COOH groups from these three skeletons with β-CD and/or PVOH, which again authorized the attachment of PVOH at the border of the crosslinked structure
Summary
The contamination of pesticides in water is a significant environmental topic that threatens both the ecosystem and public health. An adsorption process has recently been investigated for PQ removal, which was applied for both organic and inorganic materials such as bio-based material [23,24,25], bentonite [26,27], microorganisms [28], activated carbon [29,30], kaolin [31], pillararene [32,33], calixarene [34,35,36], graphene oxide [37], carbon nanotubes [38,39], silica [40,41], magnetic adsorbent [42,43], montmorillonite [44,45], cellulose nanofiber [46,47], and cyclodextrin [48].
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