Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye by Calix[6]Arene-Modified Lead Sulphide (Pbs): Optimisation Using Response Surface Methodology.

Nor Zida Rosly,Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad,Mazliana Ahmad Kamarudin,Abdul Halim Abdullah,Siti Efliza Ashari

doi:10.3390/ijerph18020397

Nor Zida Rosly, Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020397

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Lead sulphide (PbS) modified with calix[6]arene was synthesised as an alternative and regenerative adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye. The prepared calix[6]arene-modified PbS was characterised via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was employed to identify the most significant factors, such as the initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature, and to optimise the effects of the factors on the adsorptive efficiency as its response. The optimised initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature were 20.00 mg/L initial concentration, 44.00 mg calix[6]arene-modified PbS, pH 6, and a temperature of 31.00 °C. A good correlation between the values and well-fitted model was observed. The adsorption performance was evaluated based on the percentage removal of MB dye from the water system. The adsorption isotherm best fit the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption rate was followed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, a single layer chemical adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 5.495 mg/g.

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Various industries such as textile, printing, and leather industries have contributed to major sources of coloured wastewater that can cause severe water pollution [1,2].More than 7 × 105 tons/year of dyes produced using toxic, nonbiodegradable, mutagenic, and carcinogenic materials are reportedly released into the environment in wastewater without any proper treatment
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to understand the type of interaction obtained in the modification of calix[6]arene
The FTIR spectrum of the unmodified PbS (Figure 2a) depicts that the main feature of the spectra is the absorption band located at 3320 cm−1, which is assigned to the stretching vibrations of O-H groups

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Various industries such as textile, printing, and leather industries have contributed to major sources of coloured wastewater that can cause severe water pollution [1,2]. More than 7 × 105 tons/year of dyes produced using toxic, nonbiodegradable, mutagenic, and carcinogenic materials are reportedly released into the environment in wastewater without any proper treatment. Most of the dyes can be present in water at very minute concentrations (~1 ppm), which is sufficient to cause an aesthetic problem [3,4]. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the common aromatic–cationic dyes that are widely used in various applications, including cell staining, antimicrobial chemotherapy, phototherapy, and cancer research [5,6,7,8]. The removal of MB dye from wastewater is a critical step prior to its release into the environment

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