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Abstract
Non-uniformly sized activated carbons were derived from doum palm shell, a new precursor, by carbonization in air and activation using KOH, NaOH and ZnCl2. The activated carbon fibres were characterised by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis and evaluated for Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal. The 40–50 nm size, less graphitic, mesoporous NaOH activated carbon yielded high adsorption efficiency, pointing largely to the influence surface area. The performance of the KOH based activated carbon was arguably explained for the first time in terms of crystallinity. The efficiencies of the mesoporous ZnCl2-formulated activated carbon diminished due to the presence of larger particles. Batch adsorption of divalent metals revealed dependence on adsorbent dose, agitation time, pH and adsorbate concentrations with high adsorption efficiencies at optimum operating parameters. The equilibrium profiles fitted Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and kinetics favoured pseudo-second order model. The study demonstrated the practicability of the removal of alarming levels of cadmium and lead ions from industrial effluents.
Highlights
At the global level, heavy metal may enter the environment mainly through uncontrolled anthropogenic fluxes related to mining, refining, plating, ammunition, storage cells, metal smelting and finishing, engine exhausts, industrial emissions and effluents, heavy-metal enrichment of agricultural products, sludge and water reuse
Cadmium and lead ions have long been recognised as hazardous heavy metal pollutants that cannot in anyway be tolerated (Ferm and Carpenter 1967), due to their non-biodegradability, teratogenicity, and latent poisoning (Young 2003; Piskorová et al 2003)
We aimed to study the performance of some chemically activated doum palm shell preparations in the adsorptive removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from stimulated and industrial effluents
Summary
Heavy metal may enter the environment mainly through uncontrolled anthropogenic fluxes related to mining, refining, plating, ammunition, storage cells, metal smelting and finishing, engine exhausts, industrial emissions and effluents, heavy-metal enrichment of agricultural products, sludge and water reuse. The potential health risk of these metals is mostly associated with exposures to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury (Järup 2003). Cadmium and lead ions have long been recognised as hazardous heavy metal pollutants that cannot in anyway be tolerated (Ferm and Carpenter 1967), due to their non-biodegradability, teratogenicity, and latent poisoning (Young 2003; Piskorová et al 2003). In today’s society, the quest to remove heavy metals from both industrial and drinking water has heightened proportional interest in the possible water treatment technologies. Of these techniques, adsorption has been considered a good option to at least remove the heavy metals and lessen human’s chances of affliction.
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