Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies for the defluoridation from aqueous solution using eco-friendly natural adsorbent like Terminalia Chebula

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A practical technique for removing fluoride from aqueous solutions by adsorption was created using the natural adsorbent known as Terminalia Chebula with a primary emphasis on adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies. The experimental results showed the best conditions for removing fluorine ions as follows: the dosage of the natural adsorbent: 50 mg/L, contact reaction time: 40 min, shaking speed = 120 rpm, temperature = 32 °C. The amount of removal of fluorine ions was found to be >98 % fluoride within a shorter time and reached adsorption equilibrium within 40 min with a maximum defluoridation capacity of 20.92 mg/g. At lower solution pH (3 to 5), there is higher fluoride adsorption on the adsorbent surface and as the pH becomes alkaline (pH > 7) the adsorption capacity decreased. The two co-ions namely NO3− and Cl− removed the fluoride 79 % whereas, the phosphate ions did not have any marked effect on the defluoridation. The pseudo-second-order kinetic order such Langmuir, Empirical Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms can well predict the adsorption equilibrium rate to be at 0.044 mg/L with contact time (t) of 30 min. In addition to that the adsorption is characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction and FTIR techniques. This study has ultimately found that the Terminalia Chebula is a workable, natural material for fluoride elimination.