Abstract
Three different macroporous resins (XAD7HP, DAX-8, and XAD4) were evaluated for their adsorption and desorption properties in preparing flavonoid-enriched oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaf extract. The influences of initial concentration, solution pH, contact time, and desorption solvent (ethanol) concentration were determined by static sorption/desorption methods. The optimal condition for adsorption of flavonoids was achieved when the solution of the extract was adjusted to pH 7, reaching equilibrium after 1440 min at 298 K. The adsorption process was well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model, while the adsorption isotherm data fitted well with a Freundlich model. The adsorption by each resin was via an exothermic and physical adsorption process. Based on the static experiment results, XAD7HP was found to be the most appropriate adsorbent, while 80% ethanol was the best solvent for desorbent. Further evaluation of its dynamic adsorption and desorption characteristics on a packed glass column showed that XAD7HP could enrich the OPL total flavonoid content by a 3.57-fold increment. Moreover, UHPLC–UV/PDA and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis revealed that apigenin and luteolin derivatives were selectively adsorbed by XAD7HP. Additionally, both the crude OPL extract and the flavonoid-enriched fraction have good DPPH and NO free radical scavenging activities. Multiple interactions between the flavonoids and cross-linked polymeric XAD7HP resin through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding described the sorption processes. Therefore, by utilizing this method, the flavonoid-enriched fraction from crude OPL extract could be used as a potential bioactive ingredient in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications at minimum cost with optimum efficiency.
Highlights
The genus Elaeis belongs to the palm family (Arecaceae) which is one of the key members of the allogamous arborescent monocot group under the order Arecales [1]
The adsorption kinetics of the Macroporous resin (MAR) for total flavonoids in the oil palm leaves (OPL) extract was firstly investigated in order to determine the equilibrium contact time and optimal pH solution
PH 7 showed the highest qt values in comparison to pH 5 and pH 9. This indicated that the adsorption of the OPL total flavonoids on the selected resins was more favorable in neutral conditions than in acidic and basic conditions
Summary
The genus Elaeis belongs to the palm family (Arecaceae) which is one of the key members of the allogamous arborescent monocot group under the order Arecales [1]. Is believed to have originated in West Africa [2]. It is a major commodity crop of some countries in Southeast Asia, notably Indonesia and Malaysia [3]. Oil palm cultivation produces a huge amount of waste material in the form of oil palm trunks, fronds, and leaves. These waste materials, especially oil palm leaves (OPL), contain phytochemicals that could be useful for various applications such as medicines for treating wounds, cancer, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases [4]. OPL extract was Molecules 2020, 25, 778; doi:10.3390/molecules25040778 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
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