Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow stroma, are able to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes, among other cellphenotypes. In normal bone marrow balance osteoblastic an adipocytes cell differentiation favour bone formation, while in osteoporosis there is an increased adipocytes content. Since osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common MSC precursor cell, here we discuss whether quantitative and qualitative stem cell defects may be the cause of alterations in the number and function of differentiated cells. This review analyzes some conditions that contribute to different osteogenic/adipogenic potentials in human bone marrow MSCs obtained from control and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. We analyze the protective effect exerted by locally generated factors like estradiol and leptin on MSCs differentiation, because altered bioavailability of these factors may play a role in osteoporosis. Osteoporotic MSCs (o-MSCs) are characterized by increased adipogenic potential as compared to control cells. Leptin exerted a direct protective action against adiposeness only in control cells. In contrast, leptin action on o-MSCs is hampered, suggesting that inadequate leptin action may be associated to lipid accumulation in bone marrow.
Highlights
En condiciones normales, el hueso, al igual que los otros tejidos, está en constante recambio y la formación y resorción ósea están en equilibrio
able to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes
Since osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from a common MSC precursor cell
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in bone marrow stroma, are able to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes, among other cell phenotypes. Hay una pérdida neta de hueso porque durante este período la resorción excede a la formación ósea[2]. Actualmente se reconoce la importancia del microambiente en el que se encuentran las MSCs en la médula ósea; ya que entrega señales desde otros fenotipos celulares, de la matriz extracelular y de factores locales o sistémicos, influyendo en el compromiso celular y en la posterior diferenciación[8,9]. Se ha postulado que en dicha enfermedad hay un desequilibrio entre el potencial osteogénico/adipogénico de las MSCs, lo que indicaría que hay una modificación del compromiso de diferenciación de estas células. En esta revisión se analiza la evidencia experimental que señala que en la osteoporosis las MSCs tienen un mayor potencial de diferenciación adipogénico que las células normales. Se analiza la participación de algunos factores específicos del microambiente óseo que contribuyen a mantener el equilibrio entre los linajes adipogénicos y osteogénicos
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