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Abstract
Introduction: [18F]-fluoro-methylcholine (FCH) PET/CT and MRI with diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) have insufficient performance in lymph node staging of primary prostate cancer by themselves, but the combination may perform better. We aim to prospectively determine the diagnostic performance of combined FCH PET and MRI for lymph node staging. Methods: This was a single site study of diagnostic accuracy in a well-defined group of 21 consecutive high-risk primary prostate cancer patients (>30% chance of lymph node metastases) in a large community hospital. We performed FCH PET/CT and MRI with DW-MRI prior to endoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection (EPLND). PET was fused and interpreted together with various MRI image sets (T1, T2, DWIBS) and was only scored positive when a lymph node seen on MRI coincided with increased focal FCH uptake on PET. Findings were compared with detailed histological evaluation, on a per-patient and per-region level. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of combined PET-MRI. Results: 14 out of 21 patients had metastatic lymph nodes with 37 out of 164 evaluable regions harboring metastases. On a per-patient analysis, PET-MRI had a sensitivity/specificity of 79/100% with a PPV/NPV of 100/77%. On a per-region analysis (n = 164) these figure were 65/99% and 96/91%, respectively. Conclusions: Combined DW-MRI and FCH PET/CT has a very high positive predictive value in high risk prostate cancer patients. If confirmed in larger series a positive combined scan may safely allow cancellation of surgical staging in selected patients, depending on local protocols in N1 M0 patients.
Highlights
In higher stages of prostate cancer detection of lymph node metastases remains important, there is controversy around the choice of therapy depending on the volume of N1 disease [1]-[5]
One patient was excluded because a bone metastasis, previously read as non-metastatic on the bone scan was detected on the positron emission tomography (PET) scan
This study shows a clear added value of combined FCH PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in primary staging in a small but welldefined and homogeneous group of high risk prostate cancer patients eligible for extended pelvic lymph node dissection (EPLND)
Summary
In higher stages of prostate cancer detection of lymph node metastases remains important, there is controversy around the choice of therapy depending on the volume of N1 disease [1]-[5]. The standard method for lymph node staging currently is extended pelvic lymph node dissection (EPLND) with its associated invasive nature, difficulty and complications [8]-[11]. Both choline positron emission tomography (PET) and newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been proposed for improved non-invasive staging of pelvic lymph nodes [12]-[16]. Similar moderate performance in primary staging has been reported for newer MRI techniques including diffusion-weighted imaging (DW-MRI) [15] [16] This technique enables the delineation of pelvic lymph nodes, even when small, but is less feasible to separate benign from malignant nodes [16]
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