Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors (EI) have been widely investigated in the last several years. Among them, immunosensors based on low-dimensional materials (LDM) stand out, as they could provide a substantial gain in fabricating point-of-care devices, paving the way for fast, precise, and sensitive diagnosis of numerous severe illnesses. The high surface area available in LDMs makes it possible to immobilize a high density of bioreceptors, improving the sensitivity in biorecognition events between antibodies and antigens. If on the one hand, many works present promising results in using LDMs as a sensing material in EIs, on the other hand, very few of them discuss the fundamental interactions involved at the interfaces. Understanding the fundamental Chemistry and Physics of the interactions between the surface of LDMs and the bioreceptors, and how the operating conditions and biorecognition events affect those interactions, is vital when proposing new devices. Here, we present a review of recent works on EIs, focusing on devices that use LDMs (1D and 2D) as the sensing substrate. To do so, we highlight both experimental and theoretical aspects, bringing to light the fundamental aspects of the main interactions occurring at the interfaces and the operating mechanisms in which the detections are based.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThere is an urgent need to detect biomarker molecules at low levels to diagnose, at the development stage, several human diseases, various types of cancer.Biosensors are a particular subset of detection devices that can determine the presence of biological and non-biological matter of biological interest, while using biological materials as the active sensing region
The BioFET operates on capacitance changes in the bulk semiconductor and in the region of biorecognition events and on the mobility of carriers. Their architectures rely on the solution-gated FET (SGFET), with differences arising from the ion-sensing membrane over the semiconductor for the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) and bio-functionalized layer in the case of the BioFET
black phosphorus (BP) is extremely unstable to the environmental conditions due to its fast oxidation in air and in an aqueous solution [68], which makes the immobilization of the bioreceptors directly on its surface unfeasible, but it can be achieved by other means [21]
Summary
Ernane de Freitas Martins 1,2 , Luis Francisco Pinotti 3 , Cecilia de Carvalho Castro Silva 4 and Alexandre Reily Rocha 5, *. Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics Department (DSIF), School of Electrical and Computer. Instituto de Física Teórica, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo 01140-070, Brazil
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary 
Published Version (
Free)
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call