Abstract
In recent years, the excitement and promise of active materials designed specifically for Flow Battery applications manifested chemistries that deliver on core performance requirements such as stability, voltage, solubility, and cost. Stable organic and organometallic chemistries have a path to deliver improved performance compared to established elemental actives (e.g. V, Fe, Cr, S, Br).[1], [2], [3] As researchers and businesses seek to commercialize these new flow battery chemistries, system level performance requirements are equally vital to real-world success and need to be addressed: active crossover management, water crossover management, side reaction mitigation, SOC matching and balancing, pH management, and more.The ligand-modified chromium-iron chemistry identified by Robb, Farrell, and Marshak showed promise in initial reports describing high performance over the span of a day of cycling.[1] RTX Technology Research Center, in collaboration with Robb and Marshak over the subsequent years, has examined performance of KCr(PDTA)|K4Fe(CN)6 over longer durations and at larger scales. In striving for longer-lived systems, the team has introduced new components and sub-systems that range from commercial membrane selection,[4] to recombination cells,[5] to reactor performance retention strategies.[6] Acknowledgements: The work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) and the Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Technology Office, U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR000994 and DE-EE0009794. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. References Robb, B.H., J.M. Farrell, and M.P. Marshak, Chelated Chromium Electrolyte Enabling High-Voltage Aqueous Flow Batteries. Joule, 2019. 3(10): p. 2503-2512.Kwabi, D.G., et al., Alkaline Quinone Flow Battery with Long Lifetime at pH 12. Joule, 2018. 2(9): p. 1894-1906.Goulet, M.-A., et al., Stability of Flow Battery Organic and Organometallic Reactant Molecules. Meeting s, 2017. MA2017-01(3): p. 240.Saraidaridis, J.D., et al., Transport of Ligand Coordinated Iron and Chromium through Cation-Exchange Membranes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2022.Selverston, S., R.F. Savinell, and J.S. Wainright, In-tank hydrogen-ferric ion recombination. Journal of Power Sources, 2016. 324: p. 674-678.Saraidaridis, J. and Z. Yang, Electrolyte Takeover Strategy for Performance Recovery in Polysulfide-Permanganate Flow Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2021. 168(11): p. 110556.
Published Version
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