Additive Effects of Sediment and Nutrient on Leaf Litter Decomposition and Macroinvertebrates in Hyporheic Zone

Md. Khorshed Alam,Tomohiro Nakagawa,Shohei Yamashita,Pongpet Pongsivapai,Junjiro N. Negishi

doi:10.3390/w13101340

Abstract

Despite the fact that leaf decomposition constitutes an important function in rivers, how multiple environmental stressors simultaneously affect it remains largely unknown. This study investigated the interactive effects of fine sediments (particle size: <2 mm; experimentally manipulated) and a specific nutrient (i.e., nitrate) on subsurface (hyporheic) leaf litter decomposition rate and macroinvertebrates in a gravel-bed river and its tributary in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The experiment was conducted by measuring leaf litter decomposition of dried Alnus japonica leaves (3 ± 0.05 g) in benthic and hyporheic zones with and without sediment treatments at four sites that had a gradient of nitrate concentration. The decomposition rate was comparable between the two zones but was slowed down by sediment addition in the hyporheic zone. The functional responses were highly predictable for the individual stressors. Detritivore invertebrates were the main driving component of decomposition in the decreased leaf litter decomposition rate under a higher fine sediment condition, whereas higher nitrate accelerated the leaf litter decomposition rate by stimulated microbe-driven decomposition as well as detritivore feeding. Overall, the negative effect of fine sediment could be offset in the presence of nitrate while considering gross functional responses. We demonstrated the additive effects of fine sediment and nitrate on leaf litter decomposition in the hyporheic zone.

Highlights

Rivers are threatened worldwide by human activities coupled with the alterations in physical structures and ecosystem functions [1]
Our findings demonstrated that detritivore community and leaf litter decomposition rates differed between the benthic and hyporheic zones and hyporheic leaf litter decomposition was influenced by two stressors independently in a highly predictable manner
In the Satsunai River, it is projected that excessive loads of fine sediment may result in a predictable impact on leaf litter decomposition rate in the hyporheic zone with the same degree of reduction regardless of background nitrate levels

Summary

Introduction

Rivers are threatened worldwide by human activities coupled with the alterations in physical structures and ecosystem functions [1] Land use activities such as intensive agricultural practices and/or urbanization have been immensely accelerating the degree of alteration in freshwater ecosystems via a myriad of stressors. The resulting impairment of water quality often leads to structural changes in stream assemblages [5,6,7,8,9] and their functions [10,11,12].

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Discussion

Conclusion