Abstract
This paper presents a reliable and fast index to detect the instant of arc extinction for adaptive single-pole automatic reclosing (ASPAR). The proposed method is a simple technique for ASPAR on shunt compensated transmission lines using the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT). The HHT method is a combination of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert transform (HT). The first intrinsic mode function (IMF1) decomposed by EMD, which contains high frequencies of the faulty phase voltage, was used to calculate the proposed index. HT calculates the first IMF spectrum in the time-frequency domain. The presented index is the sum of all frequency contents below 55 Hz, which remains very low until the fault clearance. The proposed method uses a global threshold level and therefore no adjustment is needed for different transmission systems. This method is effective for various system configurations including different fault locations, line loading, and various shunt reactor configurations, designs, compensation rates, and placement. The performance of the method was verified using 324 test cases simulated in electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) related to a 345 kV transmission line. For all the test cases, the algorithm successfully operated with an average reclosing time delay of 32 ms.
Highlights
In recent years, the protection of transmission lines by reclosing switches has become a challenge of improving the reliability of power systems [1]
There is no need to permanently de-energize the transmission line and send the repair team to patrol for maintenance purposes, the fault will be cleared by temporary de-energizing of the transmission line and by reclosing the circuit breakers (CBs), the transmission line can restore to its normal operation
There is no sub-frequency component during fault, after the secondary arc extinguishing in the frequency range of 0 to 60 Hz, a sub-synchronous component appears in the faulty phase voltage for compensated transmission lines
Summary
The protection of transmission lines by reclosing switches has become a challenge of improving the reliability of power systems [1]. 80% of faults in overhead transmission lines are transient (arcing) and single-phase to earth. In the case of single-phase faults, isolating the faulty phase is enough and there is no need to three phases reclosing [2]. After the faulty phase is isolated from both sides of the line, the arc is still fed through the healthy phases [3]; the fault at this stage is called the secondary arc. The time of the secondary arc that occurred is called the dead-time. Dead-time is much less than the reclose time setting in traditional methods, usually between 0.2–0.8 s, single-phase reclosure can be done much faster, which has the following benefits for the power system: Energies 2020, 13, 5416; doi:10.3390/en13205416 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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