Abstract
Adaptive optics, when integrated into retinal imaging systems, compensates for rapidly changing ocular aberrations in real time and results in improved high resolution images that reveal the photoreceptor mosaic. Imaging the retina at high resolution has numerous potential medical applications, and yet for the development of commercial products that can be used in the clinic, the complexity and high cost of the present research systems have to be addressed. We present a new method to control the deformable mirror in real time based on pupil tracking measurements which uses the default camera for the alignment of the eye in the retinal imaging system and requires no extra cost or hardware. We also present the first experiments done with a compact adaptive optics flood illumination fundus camera where it was possible to compensate for the higher order aberrations of a moving model eye and in vivo in real time based on pupil tracking measurements, without the real time contribution of a wavefront sensor. As an outcome of this research, we showed that pupil tracking can be effectively used as a low cost and practical adaptive optics tool for high resolution retinal imaging because eye movements constitute an important part of the ocular wavefront dynamics.
Highlights
Imaging the human retina at high resolution may have an impact on diverse areas of research such as treatment of retinal diseases, human cognition, nervous system and metabolism, as the highly transparent retina is an extension of the brain and includes blood vessels
We developed a new adaptive optics control algorithm based on pupil tracking measurements so that the deformable mirror could work based on pupil tracking, see Sahin et al [12, 13]
The model eye had no intrinsic factors that would result in rapid changes in aberrations, measured aberration changes were expected to be purely dependent on motion
Summary
Imaging the human retina at high resolution may have an impact on diverse areas of research such as treatment of retinal diseases, human cognition, nervous system and metabolism, as the highly transparent retina is an extension of the brain and includes blood vessels. A wavefront corrector (reflective or refractive) is a must in such an auxiliary system where the algorithm that controls the wavefront reshaping process can be based on wavefront sensor measurements or any other relevant parameter such as image quality [1] It was first used in astronomical telescopes and was adapted to ophthalmology by Liang et al [2] where the higher order aberrations of the eye were corrected in an open loop, using a static deformable mirror and wavefront sensing. This was followed by dynamic corrections which used the deformable mirror and the wavefront sensor in a closed loop and resulted in greatly improved resolution of retinal images [3]
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