Abstract
Carissa spinarum Linn. has been utilized both in the food industry and as a traditional medicine for various ailments, while the responsible chemical components and action mechanisms of its antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities remain unclear. In this work, at least 17 quinic acid derivatives as potential ligands for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme from Carissa spinarum L. were screened out using the bio-affinity ultrafiltration with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UF–LC/MS), and 12 of them (1–12), including, three new ones (1–3), were further isolated by phytochemical methods and identified by high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. All of these isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. As a result, compounds 4 and 6–11 displayed similar or better antioxidant activities compared to vitamin C, which is in good agreement with the bio-affinity ultrafiltration with SOD enzyme. Then, these compounds, 4 and 6–11, with better antioxidant activity were further explored to protect the L02 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative injury by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) production and activating the SOD enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use an efficient ultrafiltration approach with SOD for the rapid screening and identification of the SOD ligands directly from a complex crude extract of Carissa spinarum, and to reveal its corresponding active compounds with good antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities.
Highlights
Carissa spinarum Linn., which belongs to the family Apocynaceae and the genusCarissa [1,2], is extensively distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean [3]
Considering the key role superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays in the defense against oxidative stress, the SODbased UF–LC/MS method was used to rapidly screen for the compounds in C. spinarum with good binding ability to SOD, which might be regarded as potential SOD ligands contributing to the antioxidant activity of the extract
We further investigated the MDA level in the culture medium, which was a reflection of the lipid peroxidation levels in the cells and the SOD enzymatic activity of the L02 cells in each group
Summary
Carissa spinarum Linn., which belongs to the family Apocynaceae and the genus. Carissa [1,2], is extensively distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean [3]. C. spinarum has been used both in the food industry and as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments [3]. Its raw fruits are used for making pickles, and ripe fruits for syrup and jelly production, and in Australia, these edible berries are known as native currants [3,4]. The leaves and roots of this plant have been extensively used for the treatment of malaria, diarrhea, rheumatism, snake bites, gastric ulcers, diabetes, and so on [2,3,5]. Phytochemical studies have been performed on the roots, stems, and leaves of C. spinarum, leading to the isolation
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