Abstract
Introduction: Recent evidence has shown that acute exercise modulates the immune response in healthy individuals, although the effect on smokers has not drawn much attention. This study examined acute and post exercise inflammatory responses in smokers and nonsmokers to moderate aerobic exercise. Methods: For this purpose, Fifteen recreationally sedentary male smokers and 15 nonsmokers matched for age (35.5 ± 5.8 years) and BMI(31.30 ± 4.5 kg/m2) were familiarized and underwent aerobic exercise testing involved 40 min running on flat surface with no slope at 70(%) of maximal heart rate. Venous blood was obtained pre-exercise (baseline), 0, 60 min and 24 hours for analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) of 2 groups. Experimental data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures in each group. Results: No differences existed between groups for baseline IL-1B between 2 groups but serum TNF-α was higher in smokers. Aerobic exercise test results a significant decrease in serum TNF-α at 0, 60 min and 24 hours compared baseline in smokers but not in non-smokers. Serum IL-1βremained unchanged at all blood samples after exercise test in both groups. Conclusion: All together, based on acute and recovery response of TNF-α to exercise, it seems that a moderate aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on inflammatory profile in smokers.
Highlights
Recent evidence has shown that acute exercise affects the immune response in healthy individuals
This study evaluated acute and recovery responses of inflammatory cytokines to moderate aerobic exercise in male smokers
In conclusion, based on acute and recovery responses of serum TNF-α to exercise, it seems that a moderate aerobic exercise may reveal beneficial effects on inflammatory profile in smokers
Summary
Recent evidence has shown that acute exercise affects the immune response in healthy individuals. This study evaluated acute and recovery responses of inflammatory cytokines to moderate aerobic exercise in male smokers. Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise (baseline), immediately post exercise (zero), as well as 60 minutes and 24 hours after exercise for analysis of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Aerobic exercise significantly reduced TNF-α level immediately after exercise (58.9 ± 11.6), and at 60 minutes (50.1 ± 14.8), and 24 hours (53.44 ± 12.3) post exercise in comparison with baseline (P = 0.02) in smokers. TNF-α levels remained significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers immediately, 60 minutes, and 24 hours post exercise. Conclusion: In conclusion, based on acute and recovery responses of serum TNF-α to exercise, it seems that a moderate aerobic exercise may reveal beneficial effects on inflammatory profile in smokers. Recent studies have revealed that inflammatory reactions (i.e. elevation in cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) are increased in response to cigarette smoking predisposing to chronic disorders such as diabetes,[5,6] On the one hand, the role of smoking in increasing the inflammatory cytokines was observed in some other studies.[7]
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