Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide is an effector molecule from the natural immune system which plays a central role in defense as an antimicrobial. Cathelicidin is one of the antimicrobial peptides. Human only has one cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide called LL-37 or hCAP18. The detailed mechanism on CAMP (Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide) gene regulation is still unknown, however, cathelicidin is found to have upregulation when there is bacterial infection. The most effective expression inducer of CAMP gene is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25(OH)2D3), which is the active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D mediates cathelicidin synthesis through the expression of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), then the interaction activates CAMP gene to express cathelicidin. The work mechanisms of cathelicidin against bacterial infection include damaging the bacterial cell membrane, inducing autophagy process of macrophage cell, neutralizing LPS produced by bacteria, and chemotactic activities of PMNs, monocytes and lymphocytes.
Highlights
Quick and effective response to pathogen infection is very important for the survival of all organisms
Some studies report that the works of cathelicidin are: antimicrobial activity [33], PMN chemotactic, monocytes, lymphocytes, and mastocytes activities [34], histamine release by mast cell [35], gene expression stimulation [20], antitoxic activity related with lipopolysaccharide which is Gram negative bacillus endotoxin [20], angiogenesis [36], activation of epithelial cells during trauma and reepithelization of skin during skin infection [37], and regulation of dendritic cell differentiation [38] (Fig. 6)
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are a group of molecules produced by cells and tissues in the body of living beings which play an important role as the body defense system against pathogenic infections
Summary
Quick and effective response to pathogen infection is very important for the survival of all organisms. There have been over 100 microbial peptides that have been isolated from animals and plants [1, 2] These peptides play major roles in the immunity of invertebrates, while in vertebrates, these peptides act as the first line of defense against the invasions of pathogens and in controlling natural floras [2, 3]. The importance of these peptides can be concluded from their specific localization in sites invaded by microbes and locations where phagocyte cells work. Antimicrobial peptides are produced in the epithelial cells of amphibians [3], mammals [4 - 6] and insects [2, 7], secreted into internal body fluid in arthropods [2, 7] and stored in cytoplasmic granules of phagocyte cells in mammals and birds [8 - 11]
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