ACTIVITIES OF JEWISH SCHOOLS IN PODILLYA PROVINCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

Abstract

The problem of education among the Jewish population in the second half of the nineteenth century attracts the attention of historians and educators. According to scientific and archival sources, statistical data, research examines the issue of education of Jewish children, the opening of educational institutions for them and the activities of Jewish schools in the Podillia province, which began operating in the second half of the nineteenth century. Since the time of socio-economic transformations in the life of the Russian Empire, the corresponding processes in the educational sphere have been taking place. In general, in the state, including in the Podillia province, educational institutions of various directions are gradually opening. These are primary schools, gymnasiums, schools (public, private), theological seminaries. The purpose of the research is to analyze the development of education in the Podolsk province, in particular, among the Jewish population, to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the activities of Jewish schools in the late nineteenth century. Due to the informational and analytical-synthetic methods of research on this topic, the process of formation of education among the population of Jewish nationality in the second half of the XIX century is considered. in Podillya. The main problems that arose due to the discriminatory norm established by the government in the admission of Jewish children to gymnasiums and higher education institutions, which did not allow all those wishing to receive secondary and higher education, were highlighted. It was not comfortable for Jewish children to study with other children. We are trying to analyze that due to the fact that Jews were the third and fourth largest population in the Russian Empire, and in the south-western cities received a significant degree of economic development, it was necessary to open special schools, gymnasium for them. One of the versions about the acquisition of education by the Jewish population is their gradual rapprochement with the Christian population, as P. Chubynsky emphasizes in his work. This was the goal of the authorities in opening 1st and 2nd grade schools, which resulted in the direction of Jews through proper preparation for the transition to general secondary and higher education. It should also be noted that the government decided to open schools for Jewish women, especially from low-income families. Most of them are private schools. At the end of the XIX century the Jewish population of Podillya was characterized by a high level of education. In 1897 it included 41.3% of Jewish men and 21.7% of women.