Abstract
Tetraheptylammonium bromide (THABr), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) dissolved in methanol or water methanol mixtures (~1 mM) produce via positive electrospray atomization and high resolution classification electrical classification standard clean ions (monomer and dier) which are singly charged. THABr is hydrophobic and insoluble in water, TBABr and TEABr are hygroscopic and water soluble (0.6 and 2.8 kg/L respectively). These ions are used to study the effect of hygroscopicity on the activation of aerosol particles in the sub 2 nm range via the detection efficiency measurement of a boosted ultrafine TSI condensation particle counter (3025A). Water solubility of particles seems to play a role in the activation and growth with butanol vapor in the CPC (condensation particle counter) independently of the size.
Highlights
The first commercial continuous sequential flow butanol condensation particle counter (model3020 butanol CPC or CNC based on the work of Bricard and coworkers in France and Sinclair and coworkers in US) introduced by TSI
The CPC was calibrated against an aerosol electrometer (AEM) with sodium chloride particles produced with a pneumatic atomizer and size classified with cylindrical Hewitt DMA commercialized by TSI [2,3]
The downside and limiting factor is the size dependent detection efficiency, defined as the ratio of the particle number concentration measured by a CPC and the concentration of a reference instrument given by an aerosol electrometer, which limits the usability of CPCs in the sub-3 nm size range
Summary
The first commercial continuous sequential flow butanol condensation particle counter (model3020 butanol CPC or CNC (condensation particle counter or condensation nucleus counter) based on the work of Bricard and coworkers in France and Sinclair and coworkers in US) introduced by TSI The CPC was calibrated against an aerosol electrometer (AEM) with sodium chloride particles produced with a pneumatic atomizer and size classified with cylindrical Hewitt DMA commercialized by TSI [2,3]. Madelaine and Metayer [4] (1980) discovered that the detection efficiency of that CPC depends of the chemical composition of the particles used for the calibration. They showed that hydrophilic and water soluble particles (H2 SO4 ; NaCl) are detected with higher efficiency than hydrophobic or insoluble particles (V2 O5 ) of the same size and same electrical charge [5]. The downside and limiting factor is the size dependent detection efficiency, defined as the ratio of the particle number concentration measured by a CPC and the concentration of a reference instrument given by an aerosol electrometer, which limits the usability of CPCs in the sub-3 nm size range
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