Action of Reactive Oxygen Species in Metabolic Diseases employed as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a public health problem that has been rapidly increasing over the last century. Oxidative stress plays a major pathological role in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), free radicals and antioxidant defences (superoxide nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, glutathione peroxidase). Oxygen is essential for the living system. At the same time, oxygen may also be dangerous to the same biological system. ROS can injure cellular macromolecules leading to apoptosis and necrosis. ROS plays a vital role in physiological processes and a favourable role in the immune system. This review discusses the effects of oxidative stress and possible biomarkers that can be employed to determine the degree of development of metabolic diseases. The growth in the formation of oxidizing species in the metabolic syndrome has been considered as a main underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of protein and lipid oxidation merchandise, as well as an impairment of the antioxidant systems. These oxidative modifications are recognized as applicable oxidative stress biomarkers and are probably capable of clarifying the position of reactive oxygen and the examination of the severity of the condition aided by the nitrogen species involved in the metabolic syndrome's aetiology.