Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue characterized by a set of cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance. The link between the MS and the associated diseases is represented by oxidative stress (OS) and by the intracellular redox imbalance, both caused by the persistence of chronic inflammatory conditions that characterize MS. The increase in oxidizing species formation in MS has been accepted as a major underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of protein and lipid oxidation products, and impairment of the antioxidant systems. These oxidative modifications are recognized as relevant OS biomarkers potentially able to (i) clarify the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the etiology of the MS, (ii) contribute to the diagnosis/evaluation of the disease's severity, and (iii) evaluate the utility of possible therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants. The antioxidant therapies indeed could be able to (i) counteract systemic as well as mitochondrial-derived OS, (ii) enhance the endogenous antioxidant defenses, (iii) alleviate MS symptoms, and (iv) prevent the complications linked to MS-derived cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the role of OS in the development of metabolic alterations characterizing MS, with particular regard to the occurrence of OS-correlated biomarkers, as well as to the use of therapeutic strategies based on natural antioxidants.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue
Several lines of experimental and clinical evidences indicate that oxidative stress (OS) and redox imbalance play a pivotal role in the development of CDV linked to MS
The risk factors associated with MS, including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance, are characterized by the persistence of OS-mediated chronic inflammatory conditions, as indicated by the occurrence of specific biomarkers in tissues from animals as well as from MS patients
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents worldwide public health issue. It is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors in the same person. Increased biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS) and decreased antioxidant defenses have been measured in blood of patients with MS suggesting an in vivo overproduction of oxidizing species [1,2,3,4,5,6]. This review is aimed at presenting an overview on the role of OS in the pathogenesis of MS and the related diseases. It is focused on (i) mitochondrial redox state and dysfunction, (ii) most reported and validated biomarkers of stress in metabolic disease manifestations, and (iii) benefit of various nutritional antioxidants. The role of “gut microbiota” in MS will be described
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