Abstract
Muddy sediments found in rivers, deltas and harbors are classified as slow bottoms and pose a problem for the detection of buried ordnance. The questions for mud discussed here are: First, can the frequency dependence dispersion characteristic be predicted and verified by measurements in areas where buried object detection are required? And second, what is the optimum yet simplest method of calculating sound scattering from buried compact but complex shaped objects? Wood and Weston (Acustica, V14, 1964) indicate muddy sediments have a compressional speed 3% less than that of water with a linear frequency dependent attenuation (less than that of sand) in the kHz range. This paper reviews the experiments performed on muddy sediments at frequencies greater than a kilohertz and compares them to recent experimental measurements in pond sediments. The importance of gas content and bubbles are discussed and shown to be important factor in the reverberation from these slow bottoms. A theoretical treatment of "muddy sediments" is discussed and used to estimate the frequency dependent dispersion characteristic mud and to place limits on the use the use of sonar to find buried objects such as mines and unexploded ordnance in the presence of reverberation due to gaseous inclusions.
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