Abstract
Muddy sediments found in rivers, deltas, and harbors are classified as slow bottoms and pose a problem for the detection of buried ordnance. The questions for mud discussed here are as follows: First, can the frequency dependence dispersion characteristic be predicted and verified by measurements in areas where buried object detection is required? Second, what is the optimum yet simplest method of calculating sound scattering from buried compact but complex shaped objects? Wood and Weston [Acustica, V14, (1964)] indicated that muddy sediments have a compressional speed 3% less than that of water with a linear frequency dependent attenuation (less than that of sand) in the kilohertz range. This paper reviews experiments performed on muddy sediments at frequencies greater than a kilohertz and compares them to recent experimental measurements in pond sediments. The importance of gas content and bubbles is discussed. Gas content and bubbles are shown to be important factors in the reverberation from these slow bottoms. A theoretical treatment of “muddy sediments” is used to estimate the dispersion characteristic mud and to place limits on the use of sonar to find buried objects such as unexploded ordnance in the presence of reverberation due to gaseous inclusions. [Work sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program.]
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