Acotiamide attenuates central urocortin 2‐induced intestinal inflammatory responses, and urocortin 2 treatment reduces TNF‐α productions in LPS‐stimulated macrophage cell lines

Abstract

To determine whether central and in vitro administration of urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) affected intestinal inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated rat models and macrophage cell lines and acotiamide modified mucosal inflammation in this model. Rats were divided into four groups. LPS-stimulated group (n=4); LPS- and urocortin 2-treated group (n=4); LPS- and acotiamide-treated group (n=4); and LPS-, urocortin 2-, and acotiamide-treated group (n=4). CD68-, CCR2-, and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (CRHR2)-positive cells were assessed by immunostaining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 levels were measured by ELISA method. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time were determined using Evans blue. Central administration of Ucn 2 significantly aggravated infiltrations of CD68- and CCR2-positive cells in the intestinal mucosa of LPS-stimulated rat models compared to those in LPS treatment alone. Interestingly, acotiamide treatment significantly reduced the migrations of both CD68- and CCR2-positive cells in the jejunum of central Ucn 2-treated LPS-stimulated rat models. Acotiamide significantly reduced the expression levels of IkB-α phosphorylation in LPS- and MCP-1-stimulated NR8383 cells. Central administration of Ucn 2 significantly delayed gastric emptying. In contrast, Ucn 2 stimulation significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 productions in LPS-stimulated NR8383 cells and astressin B reversed the inhibition of TNF-α production in stimulated NR8383 cells. Acotiamide (30μmol/L) significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 productions in LPS- and MCP-1-stimulated NR8383 cells. Central and in vitro treatments of Ucn 2 affected intestinal inflammatory responses, respectively, and acotiamide improved them.