Achilles tendon in Sport

Abstract

Summary The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest and thickest human tendon. Nevertheless AT is the most susceptible tendon to injury. The relationship between sports and AT pathologies is well established. Functioning AT is essential to participate in sports and sports activities are needed as well to maintain the integrity of AT. However, inappropriate participation in sports may jeopardize the AT. AT can be affected by a variety of disorders ranging from mild inflammation to irreparable damage. Degenerative, infectious and chemical, mechanical hypotheses were postulated concerning development of AT tendinopathy, although clear etiology of AT tendinopathy is not yet identified. The mainstay of treatment of AT tendinopathy is a non-operative. Boot- or walker stabilization with partial reduction of plantar flexion and physiotherapy of acute closed AT injuries are performed in small gap or partial ruptures. Operative treatment is indicated in open deep AT lacerations, large gap AT ruptures, or chronic ruptures. Restoration of AT continuity and function are the aim of the surgical reconstruction in order to bring the patients and athletes to their normal physical level.