Abstract
BackgroundThere has recently been considerable interest in better understanding how blood pressure should be managed after an episode of hospitalized AKI, but there are scant data regarding the associations between blood pressure measured after AKI and subsequent adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that among AKI survivors, higher blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge would be associated with worse outcomes. We also hypothesized these associations between blood pressure and outcomes would be similar among those who survived non-AKI hospitalizations.MethodsWe quantified how systolic blood pressure (SBP) observed three months after hospital discharge was associated with risks of subsequent hospitalized AKI, loss of kidney function, mortality, and heart failure events among 769 patients in the prospective ASSESS-AKI cohort study who had hospitalized AKI. We repeated this analysis among the 769 matched non-AKI ASSESS-AKI enrollees. We then formally tested for AKI interaction in the full cohort of 1538 patients to determine if these associations differed among those who did and did not experience AKI during the index hospitalization.ResultsAmong 769 patients with AKI, 42 % had subsequent AKI, 13 % had loss of kidney function, 27 % died, and 18 % had heart failure events. SBP 3 months post-hospitalization did not have a stepwise association with the risk of subsequent AKI, loss of kidney function, mortality, or heart failure events. Among the 769 without AKI, there was also no stepwise association with these risks. In formal interaction testing using the full cohort of 1538 patients, hospitalized AKI did not modify the association between post-discharge SBP and subsequent risks of adverse clinical outcomes.ConclusionsContrary to our first hypothesis, we did not observe that higher stepwise blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge with AKI was associated with worse outcomes. Our data were consistent with our second hypothesis that the association between blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge and outcomes among AKI survivors is similar to that observed among those who survived non-AKI hospitalizations.
Highlights
There has recently been considerable interest in better understanding how blood pressure should be managed after an episode of hospitalized acute kidney injury (AKI), but there are scant data regarding the associations between blood pressure measured after AKI and subsequent adverse outcomes
Contrary to our first hypothesis, we did not observe that higher stepwise blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge with AKI was associated with worse outcomes
Our data were consistent with our second hypothesis that the association between blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge and outcomes among AKI survivors is similar to that observed among those who survived non-AKI hospitalizations
Summary
There has recently been considerable interest in better understanding how blood pressure should be managed after an episode of hospitalized AKI, but there are scant data regarding the associations between blood pressure measured after AKI and subsequent adverse outcomes. Patients who experience hospitalized AKI are more likely to experience long-term risks of more rapid loss of kidney function measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), subsequent hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality [1,2,3,4,5]. This has spurred considerable interest in better understanding how patients hospitalized with AKI should be managed after discharge. Recent literature suggests that prognostic factors for adverse outcomes after AKI (such as proteinuria) [15] and risk-benefit ratio of renin-angiotensin system blockade therapy after AKI [9, 10, 13, 14] are similar to those seen in other high-risk patients who have been hospitalized and either have or are at high risk for having chronic kidney disease (CKD)
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